The social and cultural impacts of hosting major sporting events

Introduction: Major sporting events have increasingly been associated with social and cultural outcomes beyond their economic contributions. Nevertheless, limited research has examined youth-oriented multi-sport events from the perspective of direct participants. Objective: This study aimed to examine the perceived social and cultural impacts of hosting the 3rd Asian Youth Games (Bahrain 2025) from the perspective of direct participants involved in the event. Methodology: A descriptive survey design was employed. Data were collected from 420 participants representing different ages, roles, and identity groups. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine perceived social and cultural impacts and to identify differences across demographic variables. Results: The findings revealed high perceived social impacts related to social interaction, social cohesion, pride and belonging, volunteering, and social engagement. High perceived cultural impacts were also identified, particularly regarding cultural exchange, heritage visibility, intercultural interaction, and positive perceptions of place and destination image. No significant differences were found according to gender or participant groups. However, differences emerged across age and identity groups. Participants under the age of 25 reported higher perceived impacts, while non-Arab residents demonstrated stronger perceptions related to cultural exposure and intercultural interaction. Discussion: The findings were consistent with previous studies emphasizing the importance of participatory engagement, cultural diversity, and social interaction in shaping event experiences and enhancing the social and cultural value of sporting events. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of youth sporting events in promoting social cohesion, intercultural understanding, and culturally sustainable event legacies.