The Endocrine Giants of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is increasingly being recognized as an endo-metabolic disorder in which a cascade of hormonal and electrolyte imbalances impacts the morbidity and mortality. We propose six "endocrine giants" of CKD- anaemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, hypogonadism, hyperkalaemia, and hyponatraemia- each exerting a detrimental effect on cardiovascular, skeletal, metabolic, and neurological health. Their early recognition and prompt management can attenuate downstream cardiometabolic sequelae. This "endocrine giants" framework provides an integrative approach to managing CKD as a multisystem endocrine disorder and offers practical direction for holistic nephrology care.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 02
- Pages
- 269–271
- Publication date
- 27 January 2026
- Language
- EN