BIM-GIS Integration for Improving Cost and Time Management in Construction Projects – A Review

Construction projects continue to be affected by constant problems like unforeseen delays, growing expenses, and disorganized information flow throughout project phases. Since both Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) have enriched digital construction management on their own, their respective applications limit efficient coordination and sound decision-making. Planning efficiency is increased, 4D scheduling is strengthened, and 5D cost analysis is improved when BIM and GIS work together to provide a unified understanding of detailed building information and broader spatial context. Despite these benefits, interoperability problems, semantic discrepancies between IFC and CityGML, and geometry loss during data conversion continue to limit practical implementation. Although more advanced organisational and technical frameworks are needed for wider adoption, the review generally shows that BIM-GIS integration increases schedule reliability and lowers rework.