Remediation Strategies Applied in Major Coastal Oil Spills: A Global Theoretical Analysis

Coastal oil spills generate complex environmental impacts that require increasingly specialized remediation strategies. This study presents a systematic review of the ten most significant oil spill events worldwide, analyzing the remediation techniques applied, their temporal evolution, and existing thematic gaps in the scientific literature. The search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science, applying clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria to obtain an adequate documentary corpus. The results indicate that scientific production is influenced by historical, technological, and institutional factors, and that remediation approaches have progressively shifted from predominantly physical methods toward more integrated biological strategies. However, several limitations persist, particularly the limited field validation of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, electroremediation, and artificial intelligence. In addition, the need to assess the functional recovery of ecosystems after remediation processes is highlighted. The study proposes strategic directions for future research in hydrocarbon-impacted coastal environments.