A Comprehensive Review on Hibiscus rosa sinensis: Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Malvaceae), commonly known as China rose, is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. Various parts of the plant, including flowers, leaves, and roots, are known for their therapeutic potential. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Pharmacognostical evaluation includes macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, powder analysis, and physicochemical parameters essential for the identification and standardization of the crude drug. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, and steroids, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, wound healing, cardioprotective, and anticancer activities. The review also highlights the traditional uses and recent scientific advancements related to this plant. Overall, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis represents a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds with significant potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications, warranting further research for clinical validation and drug development.