NUCLEAR REACTORS: FUNDAMENTALS, APPLICATIONS, AND ADVANCES

This work aims to present a comprehensive review of nuclear reactors, covering everything from the fundamentals of atomic structure and the principles of nuclear fission to the most recent technological advances in the field. Initially, the components and types of reactors are explored, highlighting the PWR, BWR, GCR, AGR, HTGCR, HWR, and FBR models, emphasizing their operational characteristics, applications, and energy implications. The study also addresses third- and fourth-generation reactors, small modular reactors (SMRs), and nuclear fusion projects, highlighting advances in safety, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Nuclear fusion is presented as a promising alternative for the future of the global energy matrix, although it is still in the experimental phase. It is concluded that, despite historical challenges and associated risks, nuclear energy remains a strategic option for energy diversification and climate change mitigation, provided it is accompanied by rigorous safety standards, investments in research, and transparent dialogue with society.