Bird-window Collisions at UMK Jeli Campus and the Impact of Building Design and Environmental Context

Bird-window collisions pose a significant conservation concern, contributing to avian mortality in urban and semi-urban environments. This study examines the influence of building characteristics and environmental factors on bird collisions at Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, Malaysia. Surveys conducted from February to March 2023 recorded six bird carcasses across two buildings, with the UMK Jeli Library Office experiencing the highest number of collisions. The prevalence of collisions at this site is attributed to its large transparent windows, while additional factors such as vegetation density and artificial lighting may have also contributed. Statistical analyses revealed a significant relationship between window size and collision frequency (p < 0.05), while building height negatively correlated with collision rates. Additionally, non-migratory species were more affected than migratory species, likely due to their continuous presence near buildings. Future research should assess mitigation strategies and environmental variables such as window reflectivity and artificial to develop bird-friendly architectural solutions.