Addressing homelessness: Lessons and responses from Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

This study explores the complex and multifaceted issue of homelessness in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria, focusing on institutional and individual responses to the phenomenon. The objective is to provide evidence-based insights that can inform effective policy interventions. A mixed-method approach was adopted, incorporating a reconnaissance survey, participant observation, in-depth interviews, questionnaire administration, and secondary data. Data were obtained from both the homeless people and government sources. Government perspectives were gathered through secondary data, while homeless people were selected using convenience sampling from major markets, transport terminals and beaches across selected Local Government Areas. 239 homeless people were identified, of which 188 were successfully contacted and sampled. Descriptive statistics were used in analysing the data. Findings revealed that Nigerian governments have implemented various national housing policies and programs targeting homelessness, often framed within broader poverty alleviation strategies. However, these efforts are frequently inadequate or poorly tailored to the unique needs of the homeless population. The study further indicates that the majority of homeless individuals desire targeted support from the government, including employment opportunities (51.6%), affordable housing in accessible locations (40.4%), and essential support services such as mental health care and addiction treatment (8.0%). The study concludes that homelessness in Lagos is not merely a housing deficit but a manifestation of more profound structural inequalities and social injustices. It calls for holistic, person-centred responses that integrate housing, social support, and economic empowerment into inclusive urban development planning.