Construction and Psychometric Properties Structure and Measurement of Mathematical Reciprocity: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

This study develops and validates an Indonesian mathematical resilience scale for elementary students through robust psychometric testing. Addressing the absence of culturally appropriate measurement tools, the research employs a mixed-method validation design combining exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using JASP software. Participants included 405 students (aged 10-12) from five Central Java regencies, selected through stratified random sampling. The 15-item Likert-scale questionnaire underwent principal component analysis (EFA) followed by maximum likelihood estimation (CFA), evaluating four theoretical dimensions: Value, Struggle, Growth, and Perseverance. Results demonstrated excellent model fit (CFI=0.912; RMSEA=0.047; SRMR=0.045) with strong composite reliability (CR=0.78-0.92). While three dimensions exhibited adequate convergent validity (AVE>0.50), Perseverance showed marginal acceptability (AVE=0.47), suggesting potential cultural nuances in persistence measurement. The validated instrument enables precise identification of resilience profiles, informing targeted pedagogical interventions. This study contributes methodologically by demonstrating the sequential EFA-CFA approach's effectiveness in educational instrument development, and practically by providing teachers with a diagnostic tool for fostering mathematical resilience. Findings highlight the importance of integrating affective constructs into mathematics pedagogy and support the development of resilience-based instructional practices. Future research should expand validation to other Indonesian regions and examine the scale's predictive validity for academic achievement across different instructional contexts.