Numerical analysis and comparison of dowel load transfer models in jointed plain concrete pavements using the finite element method

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCPs) are divided by transverse and longitudinal joints, with dowel bars commonly embedded across transverse joints to ensure adequate load transfer efficiency (LTE) between adjacent slabs. However, joints are often considered the primary source of long-term structural deterioration. Thus, accurate modeling of joint behavior is essential for comprehensive analysis of the structural response of JPCPs systems. This study investigates LTE performance using three-dimensional finite element models developed in ABAQUS, employing three dowel–concrete interaction approaches: (1) surface contact with Coulomb friction; (2) embedded constraint method; and (3) spring connection. All three models produced consistent LTE values and closely matched field measurements. However, notable differences were identified in terms of modeling complexity, mesh density, numerical stability, and the ability to capture local stress around the dowel bars. These distinctions underscore the importance of aligning the modeling approach with the specific objectives of the analysis. The frictional contact model allows for detailed stress evaluation at the dowel–concrete interface but requires greater computational resources and modeling effort. In contrast, the embedded constraint and spring connection methods are better suited for large-scale simulations that focus on overall slab deformation, where local stress analysis at the dowel interface is not required