Sustainability and Environmental Impact Assessment of Solar Energy Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Purpose: The increased adoption of solar energy systems has positioned solar photovoltaic (PV) technology as a major renewable energy solution for achieving sustainability and reducing environmental impacts associated with electricity generation. This study aims to evaluate the environmental performance and sustainability of solar PV systems using a life cycle assessment perspective. Methodology: This research employs a comprehensive literature review of existing life cycle assessment studies on solar photovoltaic systems. The analysis examines key sustainability indicators including energy payback time, greenhouse gas emissions, energy return on energy invested, resource efficiency, and end-of-life management across different PV technologies and system configurations. Comparative assessment with fossil fuel–based electricity generation is also conducted to contextualize environmental performance. Findings: The review demonstrates that solar PV systems provide significant environmental benefits over their operational lifetime despite manufacturing-related impacts. Technological advancements and improved production processes have reduced life-cycle emissions and energy requirements. Large-scale and building-integrated PV systems show strong sustainability potential in commercial buildings and urban developments. However, challenges remain in PV recycling, circular economy integration, and standardization of life cycle assessment methodologies. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study synthesizes life cycle sustainability evidence for solar PV systems and identifies critical research gaps related to recycling, circular economy implementation, and assessment standardization. The findings provide decision-support insights for policymakers, researchers, and commercial infrastructure developers seeking to enhance sustainable energy adoption.