Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis: An Overview

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is a major cause of corneal morbidity worldwide and has been said to be the most common infectious cause of corneal blindness in high-income countries. The disease is caused predominantly by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), with HSV-2 accounting for a smaller proportion of ocular infections. Following primary infection, HSV establishes latency within the trigeminal ganglion, allowing for recurrent ocular disease throughout life. HSV keratitis encompasses a spectrum of disease affecting the corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium, each with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.