Ophthalmic Indicators of Cardiac Pathology

Ophthalmologists frequently encounter subtle yet clinically meaningful signs of systemic disease, as the eye’s complex vascular and neural architecture provides a uniquely accessible window into overall health. Ocular findings often reflect underlying cardiovascular pathology and may precede overt cardiac symptoms. Ng et al. argue that ocular examination should be considered an integral component of cardiovascular assessment, given the frequency with which systemic and cardiac diseases manifest in the eye.