Ramsay Hunt Syndrome: An Overview

Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS), also known as herpes zoster oticus, is caused by reactivation of latent varicella–zoster virus (VZV) within the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve. It represents an important and distinct cause of acute lower motor neurone facial nerve palsy and is associated with more severe disease and poorer recovery than idiopathic facial nerve palsy (Bell’s palsy). From an ophthalmic perspective, RHS is clinically significant due to its association with lagophthalmos, corneal exposure, and sight-threatening ocular surface disease. Early recognition is critical, as management differs from Bell’s palsy and requires prompt antiviral therapy.