The applications of plant genetic transformation technology and progress of relevant research

This review provides a systematic overview of the principles and application scope of plant genetic transformation technologies, with particular emphasis on strategies to improve transformation efficiency and the potential applications of these technologies in crop genetic improvement. The paper focuses on two main categories of transformation methods: biologically mediated and non-biologically mediated ones. Various genetic transformation techniques, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, virus-mediated transformation, particle bombardment (gene gun), pollen tube-mediated method, microinjection-mediated transformation, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation, and nanomaterial-mediated transformation, are discussed in detail. In terms of improving genetic transformation efficiency, specific techniques, such as the regulation of developmental regulators, the modification of Agrobacterium strains, the optimization of nanomaterials, and the increase of plant cell permeability, can significantly improve plant regeneration efficiency, enabling the transformation of recalcitrant plant genotypes. Finally, the applications of genetic transformation technology in improving crop yield and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses are highlighted. This article aims to provide valuable theoretical references and practical insights for the in-depth investigation and innovative application of plant genetic transformation systems.