Genetic analysis and comprehensive evaluation of fruit traits in F1 population from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala'

Comprehensive investigations into genetic predisposition, heritability, and systematic evaluation of fruit quality traits are essential for reflecting plant characteristics and achieving crop breeding objectives. However, such studies remain limited in apple. In this study, hereditary variation, genetic inheritance patterns, and comprehensive phenotypic data were analyzed for 24 fruit traits in 63 F1 hybrids derived from the cross 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala'. Values exceeded the mid-parent levels for quantitative traits, including average single fruit weight, longitudinal diameter, shape index, firmness, soluble sugar, total phenol, total flavonoid, a* value, and anthocyanin. Anthocyanin, total phenol, total flavonoid, and a* value exhibited significant heterosis, high variability, strong genetic transmissibility, and high broad-sense heritability. Among 12 qualitative traits, 42 distinct character segregations were observed, indicating substantial phenotypic variation and potential for breeding superior varieties. The F1 hybrids displayed rich diversity, with a diversity index ranging from 2.67 to 2.98 for quantitative traits, and 0.50 to 2.48 for qualitative traits. To validate the accuracy of genetic parameter estimation, linear mixed-effects models were developed for quantitative fruit traits in the F1 population, generating critical data for elucidating polygenic architecture. Based on multivariate analysis of fruit quality traits, integrated evaluation models were developed, and an optimized selection protocol was established for hybrid progeny. Using this framework, ten superior hybrids excelling in multiple quality parameters were selected. These findings provide a foundation for targeted cultivar development and offer valuable insights into postharvest trait evaluation and apple breeding programs.