From traditional knowledge to multi-omics: the future of biotechnology-driven ethnobotany in Hainan Island, China

Hainan Island, with its unique tropical climate and rich biodiversity, is home to diverse ethnic minorities, including the Li, Miao, and Hui, who possess profound traditional knowledge of plant utilization in medicine and diet. However, this knowledge is increasingly threatened by modernization and environmental changes, highlighting the need to integrate traditional wisdom with modern science for conservation and sustainable use. This study explores the role of biotechnology-driven medicinal ethnobotany in Hainan, combining ethnobotanical surveys, field investigations, and advanced biotechnologies such as multi-omics (genomics, metabolomics) and tissue culture. It documents extensive plant use by ethnic groups: over 500 plant species utilized by the Li, including 282 medicinal species for treating rheumatism and gastrointestinal disorders, and 26 wild edible species in minority regions. Multi-omics analyses revealed key active compounds and genetic traits, while tissue culture techniques supported propagation of endangered species. These findings show that the use of traditional medicinal plants is linked to ecological sustainability, and integrating multi-omics with traditional knowledge enhances resource conservation and utilization. This approach bridges cultural heritage and scientific innovation, offering a framework to safeguard Hainan's ethnobotanical diversity and promote low-carbon, sustainable development.