Multifaceted biocidal activities of Cordyceps militaris and synthesis of green nanoparticles: a comprehensive review

An innovative green technology for improving sustainable agricultural practices involves utilizing Cordyceps spp. to generate nanoparticles (NPs). The entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps has garnered significant interest due to its capability to facilitate the environmentally friendly production of metallic nanoparticles, including silver (AgNPs) and gold (AuNPs), as well as other nanostructures. This biological approach effectively avoids the health and environmental risks associated with traditional chemical synthesis. The nanoparticles derived from Cordyceps spp. serve as efficient biocontrol agents due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics. These Cordyceps-based nanoparticles possess bactericidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal properties, which are crucial for their biocontrol effectiveness, as they provide protection to crops against detrimental microbes such as Aspergillus and Fusarium, and bacterial wilt pathogens, as well as competitive weeds, destructive insects like Plutella xylostella, and devastating nematodes. Their ability to disrupt microbial cell walls and biofilms further enhances their role as biological pesticides. The multifunctional nature of nanoparticles produced by Cordyceps presents a holistic approach to decreasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides. By fostering sustainable agricultural practices, they contribute to soil health, environmental preservation, and increased crop yields. This paper emphasizes the significance of green nanoparticles synthesized from Cordyceps militaris and their potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture through the development of eco-friendly biocontrol solutions.