Visual evoked potentials: normative values and sex differences in Polish Caucasian population

This study aimed to establish normative visual evoked potentials (VEPs) values in healthy Polish volunteers by examining 108 individuals (216 eyes). VEP results were analyzed for correlations with age, sex, and between eyes, and a linear mixed-effects model adjusting for age, sex, and laterality was used to account for interocular correlations. A positive correlation was found between age and N75 amplitude in the left eye when stimulated with a checkerboard pattern with a check size of 0.808°, while in the right eye, the correlation did not reach statistical significance. When using a larger checkerboard, sex-related differences in P100 amplitude were observed; however, they did not remain statistically significant after applying the Benjamini–Hochberg correction. In the multivariate model, sex remained an independent predictor of P100 amplitude. Given the myriad technical (e.g., stimulus parameters) and demographic (e.g., age, sex, and anatomical) influences on VEP morphology, these data emphasize the importance of adhering to standardized protocols for VEP examination, such as the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision guidelines. The use of these standards harmonizes parameters across laboratories and enables wider comparison and application of normative data, ensuring assessment of visual pathway function and supporting further electrophysiological research in the Polish population.