View-on-Graph: Zero-Shot 3D Visual Grounding via Vision-Language Reasoning on Scene Graphs

3D visual grounding (3DVG) identifies objects in 3D scenes from language descriptions, with applications in augmented reality and embodied AI. Existing zero-shot approaches leverage 2D vision–language models (VLMs) by converting 3D spatial information (SI) into forms amenable to VLM processing, typically as composite visual inputs such as specified-view renderings or video sequences with overlaid object markers. However, this VLM~$\oplus$~SI paradigm yields entangled visual representations that compel the VLM to process entire cluttered cues, making it hard to exploit spatial–semantic relationships effectively. In this work, we propose a new VLM~$\otimes$~SI paradigm that externalizes the 3D SI into a form that enables the VLM to incrementally retrieve only what it needs during its reasoning process. We instantiate this paradigm with a novel View-on-Graph (VoG) method, which organizes the scene into a multi-modal, multi-layer scene graph and allows the VLM to operate as an active agent that selectively accesses necessary cues as it traverses the scene. This design offers two intrinsic advantages: (i) by structuring 3D context into a spatially and semantically coherent scene graph rather than confounding the VLM with densely entangled visual inputs, it makes spatial–semantic relationships easier to exploit and lowers the VLM's reasoning difficulty; and (ii) by actively exploring and reasoning over the scene graph, it naturally produces transparent, step-by-step traces for interpretable 3DVG. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VLM~$\otimes$~SI paradigm and show that VoG achieves state-of-the-art zero-shot performance, establishing structured scene exploration as a promising strategy for advancing zero-shot 3DVG.