Efficient Temporal-aware Matryoshka Adaptation for Temporal Information Retrieval

Retrievers are a key bottleneck in temporal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems: failing to retrieve temporally relevant context can degrade downstream generation, regardless of LLM reasoning. We propose Temporal-aware Matryoshka Representation Learning (TMRL), an efficient method that equips retrievers with temporal-aware Matryoshka embeddings. TMRL leverages the nested structure of Matryoshka embeddings to introduce a temporal subspace, enhancing temporal encoding while preserving general semantic representations. Experiments show that TMRL efficiently adapts diverse standard encoder-only text embedding models, achieving competitive temporal retrieval and temporal RAG performance compared to existing Matryoshka-based adaptation and temporal retrieval methods, while enabling flexible accuracy-efficiency trade-offs.