Leveraging Soft Prompts for Privacy Attacks in Federated Prompt Tuning

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) pose a serious privacy threat in federated learning (FL). While MIAs have been extensively studied in standard FL, the recent shift toward federated fine-tuning introduces new and largely unexplored attack surfaces. In this work, we show that federated prompt-tuning, which adapts pre-trained foundation models using lightweight input prefixes, exposes a novel and effective vector for membership inference. We propose PromptMIA, a membership inference attack tailored to federated prompt-tuning, in which a malicious server introduces adversarially crafted prompts and exploits their updates during collaborative training to determine whether a target data point belongs to a client's private dataset. We formalize this threat via a security game and demonstrate that PromptMIA achieves consistently high attack advantage across diverse benchmark datasets, substantially outperforming current SOTA federated MIAs. We also provide a theoretical lower bound on the attack advantage that explains the observed empirical behavior. Finally, we show that existing MIA defenses are often ineffective against PromptMIA, highlighting the need for defense mechanisms specifically tailored to prompt-tuning in federated settings.