Brightness Characterization and Modeling for Amazon Leo Satellites

arXiv (Cornell University) 2026 Preprint Open access

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Authors: Anthony D. Mallama, Richard E. Cole, Hui Zhi, B Young, Jay Respler, O. Zamora, Michelle Dadighat
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2601.07708
Cited by: 0

Abstract

The mean apparent magnitude of Amazon Leo satellites is 6.28 based on 1,938 observations. For spacecraft in their operational mode, 92% exceeded the brightness limit recommended by the IAU for interference with research, while 25% distract from aesthetic appreciation of the night sky. The reflective characteristics are similar to Version 1 Starlink spacecraft.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Impact of Light on Environment and Health Space Satellite Systems and Control Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Publication details

Journal / source
arXiv (Cornell University)
Publication date
12 January 2026
Document type
Preprint