Evaluating the resolution of AI-based accelerated MR reconstruction using a deep learning-based model observer

Deep Learning-based Model Observers (DLMOs) were developed to evaluate a multi-coil sensitivity encoding parallel MRI at different acceleration factors on the Rayleigh discrimination task as a surrogate measure of resolution. Gaussian-convolved singlet and doublet signals with varying intensities and lengths were inserted into the white matter of synthetic brain images. K-space data were generated using a simulated MRI at acceleration factors of one (1x, fully sampled), 4.9x, and 16.4x, and reconstructed using a conventional root-sum-of-squares (rSOS) method and an AI-based U-Net method. DLMOs were first trained on fully sampled images and then fine-tuned for each acceleration factor using transfer learning. With a human-label alignment training strategy, the DLMOs achieved discrimination performance similar to that of trained human observers. Resolution was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), while PSNR and SSIM provided complementary task-agnostic comparisons. Although the U-Net method yielded significantly higher PSNR and SSIM than rSOS across different acceleration factors (p