An abundance of periodic orbits in two-dimensional turbulence revealed by a diffusion-based generative model

Unstable periodic orbits offer a route to reconstructing the statistical properties of chaotic systems, including turbulence. Short periodic orbits are particularly important in periodic-orbit expansions, yet their abundance and diversity remain largely unexplored even in the extensively studied two-dimensional Kolmogorov flow. We search for short relative periodic orbits in this flow at $Re=40$, considering all distinct classes of recurrence symmetry. We train a generative diffusion model on nonperiodic vorticity sequences from a direct numerical simulation of turbulence, producing time series that resemble physically plausible trajectories. The model incorporates symmetry properties of the system but is otherwise trained solely on these data, without enforcing the governing equations. After training, we modify its architecture to generate synthetic trajectories that are periodic up to spatial symmetry transformations, without retraining its weights. These synthetic trajectories are then refined into exact solutions using an iterative solver, yielding 111 new relative periodic orbits with periods $T < 3$, including 40 with $T