Dataset for the article: Spatial Dynamics of the Fermi Level in Electrolyte-Gated Graphene

This data supports a study investigating how electric fields propagate in graphene, which is essential for optimizing their performance in electronic, energy, and sensing devices that require precise control of charge carrier density. The dataset captures Fermi level dynamics in monolayer graphene obtained using in situ Raman spectroscopy combined with local voltage application via an electrolyte microdroplet. We observe a sharp initial shift of the Fermi level towards the charge-neutral Dirac point when crossing from the biased microdroplet interface into the adjacent unbiased graphene, followed by a gradual equilibration extending tens of micrometers away. Notably, the Fermi level does not fully recover to its undoped state within this range. We attribute these long-range effects to the intrinsically low density of states of graphene, which limits its ability to screen the electric field, allowing the potential to decay gradually beyond the biased region.