Effect of Three Different Topical Fluoride Varnishes on Streptococcus mutans Count in Biofilm Samples of Children Aged 6–10 Years: A Randomized Controlled Trial

the remineralization potential of saliva are constrained by the availability of calcium and phosphate ions.As a result, to boost the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing cavities, calcium and phosphate ions have been added to improve the retention of both fluoride and calcium ions in the mouth.9,10 Mankind's quest for novel materials to overcome caries led to casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate IntroductIonDental plaque is a soft, sticky material that forms on the surface of teeth.The oral microorganisms present in dental plaque play a crucial role in the onset and development of dental caries. 1 These microorganisms consist of mutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus), Lactobacillus species, Actinomyces species, nonmutans streptococci, and yeast.They become pathogenic under conditions causing prolonged plaque acidification.S. mutans adapts to low pH and increases acid production, resulting in cariogenic plaque. 2 There are different ways to manage tooth decay by stopping the interaction between risk factors like diet, bacteria, and weak teeth.These methods include changing eating habits, practicing good oral hygiene, and using fluoride and sealants.All these actions aim to affect the bacteria in the mouth, either directly or indirectly.3,4 Fluoride varnishes are designed to extend the contact time between fluoride and tooth enamel.They create a thin coating that clings to the tooth's surface for a prolonged period, preventing the rapid loss of fluoride after it is applied and acting as reservoirs that gradually release fluoride.Fluoride varnish can reduce the number of bacteria by interfering with how oral bacteria process carbohydrates.5,6 This varnish usually has 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) and is often used to prevent cavities.Studies show that applying it twice a year can greatly lower the risk of cavities by keeping a high level of fluoride on teeth for a long time.7,8 Fluoride alone does not offer a comprehensive solution for caries prevention, as the formation of fluoride reservoirs and 1,2,