Association Between Junk Food Consumption and Behavioral Outcomes in 10–15-year-old Children: A Cross-sectional Questionnaire-based Study

fatty acids, iron, and B vitamins, all of which are important for optimal neurological development and mood regulation.6 The school environment plays a critical role in shaping children's eating habits, especially in government schools where nutritional awareness, food regulation, and access to healthy alternatives may be limited.Children from economically disadvantaged families are particularly susceptible due to fewer resources, limited parental guidance, and the easy availability of unhealthy food vendors near schools.7 IntroductIonOver the last two decades, the global food environment has undergone a substantial transformation, largely driven by the rapid expansion of the fast-food industry and the easy availability of ultra-processed food products.In India, this dietary shift is especially evident among school-aged children, who frequently choose packaged snacks, sugar-sweetened drinks, and readyto-eat meals due to their affordability, accessibility, and sensory appeal. 1 While these trends have already been linked to rising rates of childhood obesity and metabolic disorders, growing evidence also indicates potential effects on emotional and behavioral health.2 According to a recent survey conducted by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), over 90% of Indian children consume packaged food, and nearly 68% regularly drink sugary beverages more than once a week.3 Despite this widespread exposure, there is only limited literature that specifically investigates the psychological or behavioral consequences of such eating patterns in children in India.Current research suggests a possible association between the frequent intake of high-fat, high-sugar, and high-salt (HFSS) foods and an increased risk of hyperactivity, aggression, irritability, and reduced concentration.4,5 The Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) defines "junk food" as including items such as chips, biscuits, fried street foods, sugar-loaded drinks, and fast foods such as pizza and burgers.These foods often lack essential nutrients such as omega-3