Preeclampsia-associated Phenotypes: A Scoping Review

Preeclampsia (PE) is recognized as one of the leading causes for both maternal and infant mortality and morbidity worldwide.The pathophysiology of PE involves a constellation of processes that include placental ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation.This scoping review aims to integrate and evaluate recent literature to better understand PE-related phenotypes, with an emphasis on hemodynamic dysregulation, biomarker analysis, management of MgSO₄, applied translatability of experimental models, and their relevant translation.A structured search was done on published studies from April 2020 to April 2025 in PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar.Within this timeframe, we expanded our search with combination keyword queries "preeclampsia, " "phenotype, " and "hemodynamic dysfunction".Selection criteria focused on PE phenotypes alongside biomarker evaluation and translational modeling, which narrowed the results to four crucial papers that were reviewed and summarized.The included studies highlighted progressive syncytiotrophoblast stress as a unifying mechanism driving both early-and late-onset PE, domain restrictions due to increasing complexity vitally constrained model capture, MgSO₄ therapeutic applicability extending beyond seizure prophylaxis, bolus retention facilitated infusion systems permitting therapeutic MgSO₄ to accrue greater than protective dosages finally reinforced assertions chronicled within these studies in relation to inefficacy limitations proves enduring sufficiency models.Instead of numerous studies focusing on the pathophysiology of PE, there exists a persistent gap in clinical application of hemodynamic dysregulation, biomarker analysis, management of MgSO₄, applied translatability of experimental models, and their relevant translation.Hence, this review highlights the need for standardized biomarker protocols, optimized MgSO₄ regimens, and improved preclinical models to enhance prediction, prevention, and long-term management strategies in PE.