Impact of Orthodontic Treatment on Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the most intricate articulation, serving as a pivotal link between the mandible and the cranium, facilitating essential functions such as mastication, speech, and respiration.1 Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) encompass musculoskeletal and neuromuscular dysfunctions affecting the TMJ, masticatory muscles, and associated structures.2,3 Clinically, TMD manifests with mandibular pain, joint sounds, chewing difficulties, and restricted movement, often resulting in significant discomfort, functional impairment, and diminished quality of life.[4][5][6] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, involving genetic, anatomical, pathophysiological, psychological, and environmental factors. 2 Several occlusal anomalies, including class II or III malocclusions, anterior open bite, excessive overjet, posterior crossbite, and occlusal interferences, have been implicated in its development.7 However, the association between occlusion and TMD remains contentious, with conflicting perspectives on whether orthodontic treatment induces or alleviates TMD symptoms.8 This ambiguity stems from the complexity of TMD and challenges in establishing causality between orthodontic interventions and TMD onset or resolution.