Cyanthillium cinereum-derived Essential Oil Compounds as Multitarget Inhibitors for Tobacco Addiction and Neuroprotection: An In Silico Investigation

IntroductIonTobacco, widely used in both smoking and chewable forms for euphoria, stimulation, and pleasure, ranks India as the secondlargest producer and consumer globally, after China.[1][2][3] Cigarette smoke contains harmful compounds, 4,5 making smoking a leading risk factor for diseases, such as heart disease, lung cancer, diabetes, and other cancers, contributing significantly to global mortality.6,7 In 2016, WHO reports tobacco-related deaths exceed 6 million annually, including over 6,00,000 due to secondhand smoke.8 Genetics significantly influence smoking behaviors, including initiation, addiction, and treatment response.9 Research highlights the role of genotypes such as CYP2A6 and CHRNA5 in nicotine metabolism and cessation success.Variants in the CHRNA3-CHRNB4-CHRNA5 cluster and CHRNB2 have been linked to smoking behavior, dependence, and cessation outcomes, supporting the potential for personalized treatment strategies.[10][11][12] Smoking addiction is complex, driven by physical, psychological, and social factors, with nicotine as the primary addictive agent.[13][14][15][16] While behavioral and pharmacological therapies are available, they vary in efficacy and can cause side effects.6,17 Genetic factors influence smoking behaviors, including smoking intensity and