Organoids in Cancer Research: Current Applications, Limitations, and Technological Advances

Organoids are 3-dimensional cell culture systems derived from stem cells through self-organization. They recapitulate key aspects of tissue architecture and organ-specific functions, providing a powerful preclinical platform for cancer research. In particular, patient-derived tumor organoids preserve the pathological and genetic features of primary tumors. These models support the prediction of patient-specific drug responses and thereby advance precision medicine. Despite these advantages, several challenges remain, including incomplete reconstruction of the tumor microenvironment-particularly immune components- and insufficient vascularization. Recent advances have sought to address these limitations through innovative approaches, including immune cell co-culture systems and organoid-on-a-chip technologies. This mini-review summarizes recent progress in tumor organoid research and highlights emerging strategies aimed at improving physiological relevance. It also discusses future perspectives, emphasizing the expanding roles of organoids in precision oncology and regenerative medicine.