Technical and tactical performance of major Asian professional football leagues: a comparative analysis of 14,115 matches across six seasons

This study aimed to identify cross-league differences in technical and tactical performance across Asian professional football leagues. Statistics of 14,115 matches from the 2015-2020 seasons of the Chinese Super League (CSL), J League 1 (J1), K League 1 (K1), Saudi Professional League (SPL), Qatar Stars League (QSL), and UAE Arabian Gulf League (AGL) were collected and analysed. Generalised mixed linear modelling was used to estimate mean league differences in 57 match performance-related parameters while controlling for game result, match location, and team and opponent strength. Results showed that differences in offensive outcome and performance-related parameters were generally trivial across leagues (ES ≤ 0.2). In contrast, possession- and progression-related parameters exhibited substantial between-league differences, with J1 demonstrating higher passing frequency and ball progression parameters than the other leagues (ES = 0.36-0.91). Conversely, SPL, CSL, QSL, and AGL recorded higher frequencies of defensive and disciplinary actions, including fouls and yellow cards, compared with J1 and K1 (ES = 0.46-1.33). Hence, it is concluded that technical and tactical performance is generally similar across major Asian professional football leagues, but notable stylistic differences remain. J1 tends to exhibit a possession-oriented and structured playing style, whereas SPL, CSL, QSL, and AGL are characterised by greater physical intensity and more confrontational play. These insights may inform performance analysis and coaching strategies across Asian professional football.