Conserving the Mountains: A Need for the Legislative and Policy Mechanisms for Uttarakhand

Mountains are one of nature's earliest formations, providing a vibrant habitat for glaciers, wildlife, and a diverse array of communities, traditions, and languages. They are essential for sustaining the world’s ecosystem and account for roughly 25% of the Earth's surface. Different mountain ranges experience various climates, with the Greater Himalayas experiencing the coldest temperatures, while the Western Ghats can endure extreme heat. Uttarakhand, situated in the Greater Himalayan region, is home to a diverse array of mountains and serves as a vital freshwater source for surrounding mountainous and lowland communities, supporting numerous ecosystems and species. However, mountains face multiple threats, including deforestation, climate change, the exploitation of the Earth’s natural resources, and the decline of traditional cultures and communities. A key initiative aimed at preserving the Himalayan ecosystem seeks to coordinate and assess aspects related to Himalayan agriculture, traditional knowledge, m icroflora and fauna, wildlife, forest resources, and geological treasures like water, ice, snow, and glaciers. This mission requires a robust legal framework to implement its commitments effectively. Although the judiciary is crucial for tackling environmental violations and ensuring justice, the legal system may be complicated for remote and marginalised communities to access. Strengthening the legal framework and embracing international mountain conventions can help protect these ecosystems while fostering economic development alongside sustainability.