Post-harvest losses and their determinants -A study on the orchard supply chain of the Northern Himalayan states of India

This study examines the apple orchard supply chain to identify key factors contributing to postharvest losses (PHL). Based on a comprehensive review of existing literature, pilot survey, and expert opinions, fourteen critical factors were identified. Using the Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM) approach, the study analyzed the hierarchical relationships among these factors to determine their signif icance and impact. The findings reveal that inadequate infrastructure, financial strain on farmers and stakeholders, an inefficient supply chain framework, poor agro-supply chain management, and weak coordination among government agencies, institutions, and businesses are the primary causes of PHL in apple farming. The study provides valuable insights for orchard stakeholders by highlighting the interconnections among these factors and their role in post-harvest losses. Addressing these challenges through infrastructure development, financial support, and institutional collaboration can improve supply chain efficiency and reduce wastage. Furthermore, the study offers practical recommendations for policymakers to refine horticulture policies, ensuring better support for apple orchards. Strengthening coordination among institutions and implementing targeted interventions can significantly enhance the sustainability and profitability of the Apple supply chain.