Mechatronics of Energy: Development and Performance of an Automated, Foldable Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System for Enhanced Photovoltaic Back-Up Power

The growing demand for reliable and sustainable energy sources has intensified the need to optimized photovoltaic systems, particularly for device back-up power applications. Standard fixed solar panels are bounded by their inability to continuously align with the sun, causing reduced energy capture over the course of the day. To address this limitation, this study presents the development of an automated, foldable dual-axis solar tracking system using an approach utilizing mechatronics principles to enhance photovoltaic energy yield. The primary objective of this research is to design, develop, and evaluate a compact and portable solar tracking system endowed with the ability to automatically adjust its orientation along both azimuth and elevation axes. The system incorporates light-dependent resistors (LDRs) for solar position detection, a microcontroller-based control unit for decision-making, and 180° servo motors for precise angle mechanical movement. A foldable structural design is integrated to improve portability, ease of storage, and protection of components during non-operation. An experimental method was utilized, pertaining to system fabrication, programming, and performance testing under field conditions. Core performance parameters, including voltage, current, and power output were analyzed and compared relative to a fixed solar panel setup operating under similar environmental conditions. The results demonstrate that the outlined dual-axis solar tracking system produces a significantly higher energy output than the fixed panel, demonstrating its effectiveness in optimizing solar energy collection. To conclude, the constructed automated foldable dual-axis solar tracking system effectively improves photovoltaic performance and offers a practical solution for small-scale device back-up power applications. The integration of automation, portability, and efficient energy harvesting highlights the potential of mechatronics in advancing renewable energy technologies.