O impacto da Sezonalidade na concentração de bacteria Escherichia Coli na qualidade na água: uma revisão bibliográfica

The Microbiological contamination in coastal environments, especially by Escherichia coli, has become a growing concern for public health and environmental preservation. This study presents a literature review on the impact of seasonality on the concentration of this bacterium in beach waters. E. coli is widely used as an indicator of fecal pollution, being associated with various pathologies, such as gastrointestinal, dermatological, and urinary infections. The presence of the bacterium is related to natural factors, such as rainfall and tidal variation, as well as anthropogenic impacts, such as the inadequate disposal of sewage and solid waste.The methodology involved the analysis of scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025, resulting in 12 selected studies. The results reveal that beach sand is also an important reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms, frequently neglected by sanitary legislation. International studies demonstrate that environmental variables significantly influence contamination levels, and it is possible to predict bathing suitability through predictive models with machine learning and rapid molecular techniques, such as PCR and metagenomic sequencing (Nanopore).In addition, the effectiveness of purification methods in contaminated seafood and the viability of alternative biomarkers, such as fecal sterols, to expand monitoring were evidenced. The analysis reinforces the need for integrated approaches involving the monitoring of water, sand, and marine organisms, as well as the adoption of new technologies to prevent risks to public health, ensure food safety, and promote the sustainable use of coastal environments. Seasonality, therefore, is a key factor in water quality management on beaches.