Internet of Things–Based Power Quality Monitoring Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions—A Review

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into power quality monitoring (PQM) has modernized electrical systems by enabling real-time acquisition and analysis of PQ data. While these advances improve monitoring efficiency and responsiveness, they introduce challenges related to scalability, cybersecurity, interoperability, and the lack of standardized protocols. This paper presents a structured review of IoT-based PQM technologies, with an emphasis on system architectures, machine learning techniques, and blockchain-based security approaches. The evolution of PQM systems is outlined, and recent real-world implementations are examined to highlight practical strengths and limitations. Research gaps are identified, and recommendations are provided to guide future development. Overall, the paper synthesizes the state of the field and offers actionable insights for researchers, utilities, and policymakers seeking reliable, secure, and adaptable PQM infrastructures. Cite this article as: O. U. Omeje, A. O. Ejimofor and D. E. Okojie, “Internet of things–based power quality monitoring systems: technologies, challenges, and future directions—A review,” Electrica, 26, 0183, 2026, doi:10.5152/electrica.2026.25183.