Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome: Toward an Integrated Clinical Approach

Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a complex health condition that connects heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This syndrome is characterized by shared mechanisms, including insulin dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis. These diseases often occur together, and their progression is frequently interdependent. Epidemiological data show a high incidence of these conditions, particularly among the elderly population with cardiometabolic risk factors. The clinical manifestations of CKM syndrome are diverse, which can lead to diagnostic uncertainty and require a comprehensive approach to assessment and treatment. Although the overlap between cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases is well-known, current treatment guidelines are often fragmented. Inconsistent recommendations and a lack of biomarker integration can lead to the inappropriate use of therapies. A multidisciplinary approach, fostered through collaboration among various specialties, would help bridge this gap and support clinicians in managing complex patients. Such guidelines should include appropriate treatment recommendations, the use of relevant biomarkers, interdisciplinary collaboration, and tailored strategies based on each patient’s specific characteristics. This integrated care approach could lead to better outcomes for this high-risk population. Cite this article as: Ćićarić N. Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome: toward an integrated clinical approach. Turk J Nephrol. Published online February 11, 2026. doi:10.5152/turkjnephrol.2026.251123.