Donor-Funded HIV Programs in Nigeria: Progress, Systemic Gaps, and Sustainability Pathways from a Health Systems and Financing Perspective (2018–2025)

Over 40 years after the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Nigeria remain one of the highest burdens of HIV infections in the world, accounting for almost 10% of new infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite significant investments and technical supports from different foreign donors including the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Global Fund, and bilateral partners. The persistent structural, financial, and programmatic gaps continue to hamper the country’s HIV response. This assessment of HIV-related interventions in Nigeria examines what has been achieved, what still need to be done, and how to establish a sustainable and domestically owned HIV care. The review summarizes evidence from peer-reviewed literature (2018–2025) and major institutional reports (UNAIDS, NACA, WHO, PEPFAR) to assess five key domains: coverage and access, funding and sustainability, health system strengthening, monitoring and evaluation, and sociocultural barriers. Evidence shows that while substantial progress has been achieved in testing, antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, and community-based care, the HIV response remains heavily donor-dependent, urban-centered, and fragmented across vertical program streams. The review concludes that to achieve long-term epidemic control (EC) and universal health coverage (UHC) in Nigeria’s HIV care and programming with there is a need for domestic financing, health system integration, decentralized service delivery, and data-driven accountability frameworks.