A Study on the Prevalence and Risk Determinants of Urinary Tract Infection among Pregnant Women

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common medical complications during pregnancy, posing significant risks to both maternal and fetal health. This study investigates the prevalence and risk determinants of UTI among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. A cross-sectional study design was employed, and midstream urine samples were collected aseptically for microscopic examination, culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained using a structured questionnaire to identify associated risk factors. The study highlights important socio-demographic patterns influencing health outcomes, showing that most participants were younger adults from rural, lower-income backgrounds, where healthcare access is often limited. A notable proportion of asymptomatic UTI cases emphasize the need for improved screening, especially among vulnerable groups. Misuse of antibiotics was strongly associated with higher rates of bacteriuria, underscoring the public health concern of self-medication and rising antimicrobial resistance. Resistance patterns observed in E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis indicate reduced effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics, stressing the importance of local antibiograms for treatment decisions. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates further reinforces the need for rational antibiotic use, enhanced surveillance, and exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. This study highlights how socio-economic factors such as age, education, occupation, and income influence health outcomes, particularly in rural and low-income groups with limited healthcare access. High rates of antibiotic misuse were strongly associated with positive bacteriuria, emphasizing the need for proper antibiotic use and stewardship. The detection of multidrug-resistant E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis further underscores the urgent need for improved infection control and rational prescribing. Strengthening public health interventions and education is essential to reduce disparities and combat rising antimicrobial resistance.