Rodent-associated fungal zoonoses: Ecology, transmission dynamics, and a one health perspective on public health implications

Rodents are among the most widespread and adaptable mammals worldwide and play a central role in the ecology of numerous infectious diseases. While rodent-borne viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections have been extensively studied, fungal zoonoses associated with these animals remain comparatively underrecognized. This review synthesizes current evidence on medically important rodent-associated fungal infections, with emphasis on histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, dermatophytosis, blastomycosis, and sporotrichosis. We examine the ecological mechanisms by which rodents contribute to fungal persistence and dissemination, including soil modification, organic matter accumulation, and environmental contamination. The main transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and public health implications of these mycoses are discussed, with particular emphasis on their relevance in both endemic and emerging settings. Special attention is given to the influence of climate change, urbanization, deforestation, and other anthropogenic activities that intensify human–rodent–environment interactions and favor disease emergence. The review also analyzes current prevention and control strategies from a One Health perspective, emphasizing the integration of environmental monitoring, wildlife surveillance, rodent management, and health system strengthening. Despite growing recognition of these infections, major challenges persist, including underdiagnosis, limited surveillance, and insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. By consolidating available evidence and identifying knowledge gaps, this article aims to improve understanding of rodent-associated fungal zoonoses and to support the development of coordinated, sustainable interventions. Strengthening integrated surveillance and adopting holistic public health approaches are essential to mitigate the expanding global burden of these neglected fungal diseases.