Between science and politics: Media framing and genetically modified organisms (GMO) regulation in Kenya

Agriculture remains the backbone of Kenya’s economy, contributing approximately 20% of the gross domestic product and employing over 40% of the population, particularly in rural areas. Despite its central role, the sector continues to face persistent challenges such as climate variability, pest infestations, crop diseases, and declining soil fertility, all of which threaten national food security. In response to these challenges, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have emerged as a potential tool for improving agricultural productivity and resilience. Despite scientific evidence supporting the safety and potential benefits of GMOs, their adoption in Kenya has been slow and controversial. This study utilized a qualitative approach to investigate the socio-economic impacts of GMOs while also examining the legal and regulatory frameworks surrounding them in Kenya through the lens of participatory science communication and media framing. The targeted population was smallholder farmers from selected rural areas in Kenya. Fourteen farmers were purposely sampled to ensure representation of individuals actively engaged in crop production and affected by GMO-related policies. Interviews were conducted with farmers, and a content analysis was performed on the digital archives of eight major Kenyan newspapers. Thematic analysis revealed that perceptions of GMOs in Kenya are shaped by a complex interplay of knowledge gaps, cultural values, political influences, and economic considerations. While awareness of GMOs among farmers is relatively high, their understanding is often fragmented and susceptible to misinformation propagated through media and political discourse. Many farmers struggle to differentiate between GMO seeds and conventional varieties, leading to uncertainty and mistrust. The media plays a pivotal role in shaping the narratives surrounding GMOs in Kenya, with political conflict framing prevailing in coverage, frequently depicting GMOs as tools of foreign influence or governmental overreach. This study recommends that short-term interventions focus on participatory communication and immediate policy support. In contrast, long-term strategies should aim to institutionalize science communication, enhance regulatory frameworks, and integrate cultural values into the adoption of GMOs.