Highway Carbon Footprint Analysis Using LCA Based on Local Emission Data

This study employs a localized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to quantify the carbon footprint of road infrastructure projects in Indonesia. Using a cradle-to-grave approach, it assesses greenhouse gas emissions from material production, transportation, construction, maintenance, and end-of-life stages. Results indicate that material production, particularly hotmix asphalt, contributes the largest share of emissions. Comparative analysis reveals that Indonesian emission factors are significantly higher than those in global databases such as Ecoinvent, highlighting the importance of localized data in environmental evaluations. To address this gap, the study develops a data-driven LCA framework that incorporates regional emission profiles to improve accuracy and policy relevance. The findings offer actionable insights for sustainable infrastructure planning and provide a scientific foundation for reducing emissions in the construction sector. Ultimately, this research supports Indonesia’s roadmap toward achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2060 through evidence-based decision-making and localized carbon accounting.