Distinct dual-isotopic signatures of major methane sources in South Asia

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas contributing significantly to global warming. South Asia is a major methane emission region, yet source-diagnostic isotopic signatures remain poorly constrained, limiting top-down source attribution. To address this gap, we conducted extensive sampling and isotopic analyses of major methane sources in South Asia. Our results reveal substantial deviations of South Asian methane source fingerprints from global means. Methane from C3 biomass burning is more depleted in δ 13 C (-30.9±2.2‰) but more enriched in δ 2 H (-201±18‰) relative to global means, while ruminant methane (C3) is strongly depleted in both δ 13 C (-68.7±0.5‰) and δ 2 H (-343±6‰). In contrast, rice paddy methane is more enriched in δ 13 C (-53.8±0.8‰) and δ 2 H (-311±6‰) than global means, with their ratios signaling pre-emission oxidation. Wastewater methane shows enriched δ 13 C (-45.0±2.4‰) and depleted δ 2 H (-350±10‰) relative to global means, with minimal oxidation or spatial variation. These pronounced regional differences highlight the importance of using regionally constrained source fingerprints in isotope-based source apportionment. A global synthesis further shows that δ 13 C signatures of biomass burning and ruminant methane are primarily controlled by C3 / C4 feedstocks, whereas δ 2 H is relatively insensitive to substrate type. Methane from rice paddies and wetlands exhibits strong latitudinal gradients worldwide. Combining emission inventories with source-specific isotope fingerprints reveals a mismatch with atmospheric methane in South Asia, suggesting an overestimation of rice paddy emissions and/or an underestimation of other microbial sources. These findings demonstrate the utility of top-down dual-isotope constraints to refine regional methane budgets and mitigation strategies.