Evaluating turbulent and microphysical schemes in ICON for deep convection over the Alps: a case study of vertical transport and model–observation comparison

Abstract. The Alpine region experiences frequent deep convection during summer, driven by thermal and mechanical forcing associated with the complex terrain. Deep convection transports moisture into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, which affects the climate through its radiative interactions. It is poorly represented in models that rely on parameterized convection and lack adequate representation of boundary layer turbulence and microphysics. In this study, we investigate the evolution of moist deep convection observed on 8 July 2021 over the Alps using ICON simulations with explicitly resolved convection (horizontal resolution of 1 km). The simulations use two turbulence parameterizations the default turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and the newly developed two turbulence energies (2TE) scheme combined with single moment (SM) and double moment (DM) microphysics schemes. The simulations are evaluated using cloud properties derived from MSG/SEVIRI satellite measurements. The sensitivity of cross tropopause transport to the choice of turbulence and microphysics scheme is examined. Although, the ICON simulations capture the observed diurnal cycle of convection and successfully simulate the overshooting cloud tops during peak convective activity, our results show that the choice of the turbulence scheme influences the temporal evolution and spatial extent of deep convection, while the microphysics parameterization has a larger impact on the hydrometeor distribution and on the cross-tropopause transport.