Reply on RC1

Abstract. Tephra fallout deposition during volcanic eruptions overlays existing soils, profoundly altering their physical, chemical, and biological properties. This study investigates the impact of the newly deposited tephra blanket from the 2021 Tajogaite eruption (La Palma Island) on the molecular composition of soil organic matter and microbial diversity across different soil horizons. A combination of 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and elemental and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) was employed. Our results demonstrate that tephra deposits significantly modify the organic matter composition of the underlying soils, promoting microbial activity linked to the degradation and transformation of organic carbon and nitrogen compounds. The soil horizon directly beneath the tephra layer (horizon O) displayed a higher abundance of labile organic compounds and a reduced presence of recalcitrant compounds compared to the deeper horizons (A and Bw). This pattern is strongly associated with the predominance of thermophilic bacteria, which contribute actively to the breakdown of complex organic materials such as lignin and hydrocarbons, and drive key biogeochemical processes including nitrogen and carbon cycling. The continuous geothermal influence of nearby fumaroles further supports the persistence and ecological success of thermophilic communities in these volcanic soils. These findings underscore the critical role of volcanic activity not only in reshaping soil structure but also in enhancing soil fertility and resilience through microbial-mediated processes. Understanding these dynamics is essential for soil management and ecosystem recovery strategies in volcanic regions, providing new insights into the long-term effects of tephra deposition on soil health and the carbon cycle.