Statistical study of wave activity in the foreshock and magnetosheath regions

Plasma waves play a central role in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction, especially in the foreshock and magnetosheath, where reflected particles, shock processes, and turbulence shape their properties. While these regions have been widely studied, the way foreshock waves evolve as they encounter the bow shock and how their downstream signatures relate to the upstream conditions remain poorly understood. Using multi-spacecraft observations from the MMS and/or THEMIS missions, we examine wave activity in the foreshock and characterize their key properties and put our findings in context with previous statistical results. We also present a statistical analysis of wave activity in the magnetosheath and compare it with the simultaneous measurements in both regions to explore how wave signatures change across the bow shock. This approach provides a more complete picture of how plasma waves vary across regions and offers new insight into their evolution in the near-Earth environment.