Impact of Storm-Adapted DORIS Processing on Orbit Quality and Earth Rotation Parameters During Geomagnetic Storms

Geomagnetic storms (GS) significantly perturb the near-Earth environment, leading to enhanced thermosphere density, increased non-conservative forces, and degraded satellite orbit determination, particularly for Doppler-based techniques such as DORIS. In this study, we investigate and improve DORIS orbit determination performance during GS conditions by developing storm-adapted processing strategies. Storm days were classified using geomagnetic indices and categorized into moderate to severe storm levels (G3-G5).Four distinct processing strategies were implemented and evaluated: a standard operational solution and three experimental storm-adapted solutions, designed through systematic modifications of drag constraints and observation-elimination criteria. These strategies were tested through targeted daily and weekly experiments conducted across multiple DORIS-equipped satellites, with a particular emphasis on periods of intense storms.The storm-adapted strategies demonstrate clear performance improvements relative to the standard solution during geomagnetic storms. The modified strategies reduce orbit residual RMS in all orbital components, improve Length-of-Day (LOD) variance by approximately 40-80%, and decrease LOD mean biases by nearly 60%. Additionally, Earth Rotation Parameters (ERP) exhibit notable improvements, with reductions of approximately 22–25% in both bias and variability for the polar motion components (X/Y pole). Among the tested configurations, the combined strategy, particularly when applied with zero-rotation constraints, consistently delivers the best performance during intense storm conditions (Kp ≥ 8+). These results demonstrate that storm-adapted DORIS processing strategies significantly enhance orbit and geophysical parameter estimation during disturbed space-weather conditions.