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Authors: David Carlson
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Abstract

Abstract. Data described here demonstrate utility of bicycles as platforms for and carriers of modern small capable sensors. For two years (September 2021 to October 2023), I rode a bicycle carrying sensors that simultaneously measured GPS time and position, air temperature(s), surface temperature, downwelling visible and UV light, spectrally-resolved upwelling (reflected) light, plus air flow. I rode more than 170 times, covering a standard 15 km rural loop or along ~12 km paths to and from Bozeman, over a range of times and weather. To accommodate frequent snow and ice conditions, I walked the same bike carrying the same sensors more than 30 times back and forth along a quiet stretch of paved (mostly) snow-covered surface. Because loop and to/from Bozeman routes ran along an identical 3 km stretch of rural highway, that stretch represents one of the most-measured extents of impervious surface. Routes covered impervious paved surfaces punctuated by intervals of gravel or tree-shade or both. Sensors, adopted from consumer applications, produced reliable repeatable data. I achieved spatial resolutions of 4 to 5 meters and temperature resolutions of 0.5 °C; a typical ride of 45 minutes produced ~4000 clean data records. These data serve a wide variety of engineers and scientists exploring pavement temperatures, heat islands, surface run-off, etc. Users can access all data following guidance as follows: Time period DOI Image file DOI Reference Summer 2022–2023 (71 rides) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15 053252 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15 053336 Carlson 2025b Fall 2021–2023 (54 rides) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15 053261 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15 053390 Carlson 2025c Miscellaneous (53 files) Sensor sheets, source files, pictures, etc. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15 054004 Carlson 2025d A set of screenshot images of combined sensor data time series, recorded for every ride, exists at separate Zenodo addresses; see table above and Data Description below. Users can familiarize themselves with these data by viewing a short (

Fields of Study & Subjects

Urban Heat Island Mitigation Urban Stormwater Management Solutions Environmental Monitoring and Data Management

Publication details

Publication date
12 January 2026